ASSIGNMENT TWO
Find five images of Australian house styles or buildings from the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. So five styles in total.
Your main objective is to develop an understanding of the different design periods that have influenced Architecture and Design since the first settlers arrived in Australia.
You need to identify the historical influences and characteristic features (exterior only) that are evident in these images.
Please make sure your images are clear and the details can be seen.
Pay attention to the architectural style, roof pitch, style of windows and doors, building materials, ornamentation and decorative features.
Through researching each in turn, you will quickly learn to identify certain historical influences from the architectural façade that are symbolic or iconic to that particular time period.
GOTHIC DESIGN STYLE
SALISBURY CATHEDRAL 1150-1220
The building is regarded as one of the leading examples of Early English Gothic architecture. Its main body was completed in 38 years, from 1220 to 1258.Salisbury Cathedral, formally the Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, is an Anglican cathedral in Salisbury, England. The cathedral is the mother church of the Diocese of Salisbury and is the seat of the Bishop of Salisbury, currently Nick Holtam.
The building is regarded as one of the leading examples of Early English Gothic architecture. Its main body was completed in 38 years, from 1220 to 1258.
The west front is of the screen-type, clearly deriving from that at Wells. It is composed of a stair turret at each extremity, with two niched buttresses nearer the centre line supporting the large central triple window. The stair turrets are topped with spirelets, and the central section is topped by a gable which contains four lancet windows topped by two round quatrefoil windows surmounted by a mandorla containing Christ in Majesty. At ground level there is a principal door flanked by two smaller doors. The whole is highly decorated with quatrefoil motifs, columns, trefoil motifs and bands of diapering.
The west front was almost certainly constructed at the same time as the cathedral.This is apparent from the way in which the windows coincide with the interior spaces. The entire facade is about 108 feet (33 m) high and wide. It has been said that the front was built on a scale smaller than was initially planned. It lacks full-scale towers and/or spires as can be seen, for example at Wells, Lincoln, Lichfield, etc.The facade was disparaged by Alec Clifton-Taylor, who considered it the least successful of the English screen facades and a travesty of its prototype (Wells). He found the composition to be uncoordinated, and the Victorian statuary "poor and insipid".
The front accommodates over 130 shallow niches of varying sizes, 73 of which contain a statue. The line of niches extends round the turrets to the north, south and east faces. There are five levels of niches (not including the mandorla) which show, from the top, angels and archangels, Old Testament patriarchs, apostles and evangelists, martyrs, doctors and philosophers and, on the lower level, royalty, priests and worthy people connected with the cathedral. The majority of the statues were placed during the middle of the 19th century, however seven are from the 14th century and several have been installed within the last decade.
Identifiable features
Pointed arches.
Dogtooth molding.
Lancet windows. Tall, thin pointy windows, often in pairs or multiples all set into a larger, elliptical pointed arch.
Ribbed vaulting.
Flying buttresses. Free-standing exterior pillars connected by graceful, thin arms of stone that help channel the weight of the building and its roof out and down into the ground.
Plate tracery.
Stained glass.
Rose windows.
Spires.
Gargoyles.
Choir screen. The inner wall of the ambulatory/outer wall of the choir section, often decorated with carvings or tombs.
GOTHIC INTERIOR
The term Gothic has initially appeared in the medieval era (Goth the Italians) in churches starting in the 12th century. Gothic churches were celebrations of light and divine grandeur. Identifiable through features such as stained glass windows, pointed arches, and ornate decorations on every surface, Gothic architecture is breathtaking.
Features of Gothic Interior: heavy use of ornate decorations, dark but rich colors, and an emphasis on vertical elements and natural light. ... Decorative motifs like pointed arches, spires, and roses can give the interior a medieval feel.
Accessories in Gothic interior design can include some essentials characteristic of the style like candles, wrought iron pieces, statuary, gargoyles, and crosses.
You can hang medieval tapestries above it to serve as a focal point and gargoyle statues can be set on either side of the sofa or the fireplace mantle to add more flourish.
RENAISSANCE DESIGN STYLE
St Peter's Basilica, Rome c.1400-1600
The greatest architects of the Renaissance included: Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446), Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472), Giovanni Giocondo (1433-1515), Giuliano da Sangallo (1443-1516), Donato Bramante (1444-1514), the theorist Sebastiano Serlio (1475-1554), Michelangelo (1475-1564), Baldessare Peruzzi (1481-1536), Raphael (1483-1520), Antonio da Sangallo the Younger (1484-1546), Michele Sanmicheli (1484-1559), Jacopo Sansovino (1486-1570), Giulio Romano (1499-1546), Giacomo Barozzi (Vignola) (1507-1573), Andrea Palladio (1508-80), Pirro Ligorio (1510-83), Galeazzo Alessi (1512-72), Giacomo della Porta (1533-1602), the theorist Vincenzo Scamozzi (1548-1616), Carlo Maderno (1556-1629), Antonio Contini (1566-1600).
Highlights of Renaissance Architecture
Although the continuing demand for monumental religious art meant that most architectural projects involved cathedrals, basilicas, churches, chapels, sacristies, baptisteries, temples and tombs, Renaissance architects also designed a wide range of secular structures, such as palaces, villas, libraries, hospitals, piazzas, fountains, and bridges. Celebrated examples of Renaissance design include: the dome of Florence Cathedral (1420-36) and the Church of San Lorenzo (1420-69) by Brunelleschi; Palazzo Medici Riccardi (1445-1460) by Michelozzo di Bartolommeo; Palazzo Rucellai (1446-51) by Alberti; Church of Santa Maria delle Carceri (1485-1506) by Giuliano da Sangallo; Tempietto di San Pietro in Montorio (1502) by Bramante; Palazzo del Te, Mantua (1525-34) by Giulio Romano; Saint Peter's Basilica (1506-1626) for which many famous Renaissance and Baroque architects contributed ideas, including Bramante, Raphael, Michelangelo, Giacomo della Porta, Carlo Maderno and Bernini (1598-1680) - the Villa Farnese at Caprarola (c.1560) by Vignola; the Church of San Giorgio Maggiore (1562) and the Villa Capra (1566-91) by Palladio. Highlights of architectural Renaissance sculpture include Michelangelo's David (1501-4), and the Rape of the Sabine Women (1581-2, Loggia dei Lanzi, Florence) by Giambologna (1529-1608).
Features of Renaissance buildings include the use of the classical orders and mathematically precise ratios of height and width combined with a desire for symmetry, proportion, and harmony. Columns, pediments, arches and domes are imaginatively used in buildings of all types.
RENAISSANCE INTERIOR
FEATURES:
Windows have rounded top and square basement. Door frames, walls and floors were often covered with marble. Wooden ceiling was decorated with sumptuous carving and gilding. The furniture usually has a lot of architectural details such as columns, pilasters, pediments and cornices
BAROQUE DESIGN STYLE
St Paul's Cathedral
In designing St Paul's, Christopher Wren had to meet many challenges. He had to create a fitting cathedral to replace Old St Paul's, as a place of worship and as a landmark within the City of London. He had to satisfy the requirements of the church and the tastes of a royal patron, as well as respecting the essentially medieval tradition of English church building which developed to accommodate the liturgy. Wren was familiar with contemporary Renaissance and Baroque trends in Italian architecture and had visited France, where he studied the work of François Mansart.
Exterior
The most notable exterior feature is the dome, which rises 365 feet (111 m) to the cross at its summit,and dominates views of the City. The height of 365 feet is explained by Wren's interest in astronomy. Until the late 20th century St Paul's was the tallest building on the City skyline, designed to be seen surrounded by the delicate spires of Wren's other city churches. The dome is described by Sir Banister Fletcher as "probably the finest in Europe", by Helen Gardner as "majestic", and by Sir Nikolaus Pevsner as "one of the most perfect in the world". Sir John Summerson said that Englishmen and "even some foreigners" consider it to be without equal.[24][90][91][92]
Identifiable Features
Classical architecture rewritten with curves. The Baroque is like a Renaissance where many of the right angles and ruler-straight lines are exchanged for curves of complex geometry and an interplay of concave and convex. The overall effect is to lighten the appearance of structures and add some movement of line to the static look of the Neoclassical.
Complex decoration. Unlike the sometimes severe and austere designs of Renaissance and other Classically inspired styles, the Baroque was often playful and apt to festoon structures with decorations intended to liven things up.
BAROQUE INTERIOR
Baroque interiors are highly detailed, including intricately carved wood detailing paired with luxurious textiles used for furniture, wall, and window coverings. These fabrics are often damask or floral patterned
Characterized as dramatic, opulent, and luxurious with rich colors, intricately designed furniture, gilded and ornamental accessories, and high-end textiles
Floors are typically made from high-end materials such as solid wood or marble
Large room-sized, hand-woven rugs are placed to soften spaces
Furniture is intricately detailed to accent embellishments with curved legs, carved details, and gilding
Gold frames and gilding on statues and pottery are common
Large mirrors, crystal chandeliers, door knobs, and pulls are commonly used
Luxury fabrics in damask and floral prints are used for upholstery, wall coverings, and floor-to-ceiling window coverings
Rococo is a lighter, more whimsical version of the Baroque style, using a pastel palette and light-hearted art
GEORGIAN DESIGN STYLE
GUNSTON HALL
Gunston Hall is an 18th-century Georgian mansion near the Potomac River in Mason Neck, Virginia, United States. Built between 1755 and 1759 as the main residence and headquarters of a 5,500-acre (22 km²) plantation, the house was the home of the United States Founding Father George Mason. The home is located not far from George Washington's home.
The interior of the house and its design was mostly the work of William Buckland, a carpenter/joiner and indentured servant from England. Buckland later went on to design several notable buildings in Virginia and Maryland. Both he and William Bernard Sears, another indentured servant, are believed to have created the ornate woodwork and interior carving. Gunston's interior design combines elements of rococo, chinoiserie, and Gothic styles, an unusual contrast to the tendency for simple decoration in Virginia at this time. Although chinoiserie was popular in Britain, Gunston Hall is the only house known to have had this decoration in colonial America.
In 1792, Thomas Jefferson visited Gunston Hall for the last time, attending George Mason's death bed. After Mason's death, the house remained in use as a private residence for many years. In 1868, it was purchased by noted abolitionist and civil war Colonel Edward Daniels. It is now a museum owned by the Commonwealth of Virginia and open to the public. The home and grounds were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 for their association with Mason.
FEATURES:
Rigid symmetry in building mass as well as window and door placement
Brick, stone, or stucco (brick is most predominantly used)
Hip roofs, sometimes with dormers
Window decorative headers
Entrance embellishments, such as pediments, arched tops, and ogee caps
GEORGIAN INTERIOR
Georgian interiors came with interior wall panelling made with knotty pine wood and wallpaper became a substitute for wall coverings. Paper imitating tapestries and marble-like paper was extensively used as wall finishes and by the end of the century was replaced by scenic and pictorial papers with Chinese-themed designs.
Furniture pieces were typically curvilinear chairs, tables, chests, etc., with motifs. The use of heavy lacquer and were produced exclusively with rich dark red mahogany wood and because of an Oriental influence chests and shelves were covered with Chinaware objects like teapots, teacups, figurines, and vases among other things.
By the Mid-Georgian era during the reign of George II, there was a tendency towards lighter proportions in furniture styles and interior design. This was also when the Chippendale furniture styles emerged. They were produced by the famous London cabinet maker, Thomas Chippendale. His designs were influenced by classic French, Chinese, Gothic, and Louis XV forms and ornamentation.
Colour schemes were pale tones like soft blue, soft greys, dusty pinks, and flat white, though the early Georgian colours were influenced by bold baroque colours of the past era such as burgundy and sage green.
MODERN DESIGN STYLE
Modern architecture is a style of building that emphasizes function and a streamlined form over ornamentation. This design aesthetic is a departure from more elaborate and decorated homes like Queen Anne, Victorian, or Gothic Revival styles. Modern architecture usually involves sharp, clean lines
The birth of modern design came with the thought that form should follow function. This idea started with architect Louis Sullivan who designed buildings for the 1893 Chicago World Fair. That mantra became the foundation for modern architects.
Other popular pioneers of modern architecture include Frank Lloyd Wright, Staatliches Bauhaus, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Le Corbusier.
The modern design aesthetic was in full swing in the 1930s and became known as International Modernism or International Style. This design aesthetic came after an architecture exhibit by Philip Johnson in 1932.
In general, the most well-known examples of modern architecture end around the mid 20th century, but the design style still influences buildings well into the late 20th century.
Characteristics of Modernist Buildings
Aside from the underlying principles of Modernist architecture, famously summarized by American architect Louis Sullivan as “form follows function,” the design style has a specific and recognizable aesthetic.
The mixed use of cubic and cylindrical shapes feel asymmetrical, while flat roofs and the absence of ornamentation or mouldings create a clean and simplified look compared to previous heavily decorated styles.
As for materials, the use of metal, glass and exposed concrete gave Modernist buildings an industrial or utilitarian appearance. A fitting description based on Modernist architecture pioneer Le Corbusier’s declaration that a house is “a machine for living in.”
Stark, neutral colours like white, cream or grey were another mark of Modernist architecture.
Clean, minimal lines. These lines lack additional ornamentation and are generally consistent, smooth texture.
Broad roof overhangs. Several modern homes emphasize low, horizontal structures with large roof overhangs.
Walls of glass and large windows. You will find a very generous use of glass, which allows a significant amount of natural light into the interior.
Open and well-defined floorplans. Since modern architecture focuses on form over function, architects sought to include large, spacious floorplans with dining and living spaces that flowed into one another.
Modern and traditional building materials. Some common materials in modern homes include steel, concrete block, iron, and glass. More conventional building materials like wood, brick, and stone were used in more straightforward ways to show off their natural beauty.
A relationship to the outside environment. A lot of thought went into building sites and how buildings would relate to the natural landscape surrounding it.
Asymmetrical designs. Modern architects played around with large, smooth shapes and asymmetrical compositions that were cleanly planned and lacked any additional decoration.
MODERN DESIGN STYLE INTERIOR
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Simple and unadorned
Influenced by German and Scandinavian architecture and design, modern interior design style is simple and unadorned. The most important quality of this style is being functional. Form always follows function.
2. Natural materials and earthy tones
Modern interior design usually also includes the use of natural materials and neutral or earthy colors. Think unpainted wood, metals, leather and monochromatic colors.
3. Clean Lines
In modern style architecture and interior design, the emphasis is on fewer curves and more clean horizontal and vertical lines. Structural elements like concrete or beams are also often left exposed.
4. Uncluttered Spaces
If you need uncluttered spaces to keep your stress levels from sky rocketing, then you will love the modern interior design which emphasizes uncluttered spaces. If something doesn’t have a purpose, then it is not added.
5. Natural light and unadorned windows
In modern designed homes, natural light is very important so lots of windows are important, but they are typically unadorned.
6. Simple, functional furniture
Modern furniture like architecture emphasizes simplicity and function. In modern style homes, you will usually see low, horizontal furnishings with clean lines. And the furniture is usually made of natural materials like unpainted wood, leathers, steel, chrome or glass.
For furniture to be considered modern, it also has to be made of smooth surfaces and have very little ornamentation. Back at the beginning of the modernism movement, furniture factories were just started to get popular, replacing hand-carved, detailed pieces.
7. Monochrome color palette
With a modern design usually a monochrome color palette is used. The main colors are typically black and white with some primary colors (yellow, red and blue) to complement the monochrome color palette.
How cowhide can complement the modern interior design style:
A more neutral palette, the unique combinations of black and browns you find in cowhide can bring a note of elegance. Even rooms dressed in modern combinations of grey, black and brown can be enhanced with a touch of cowhide.
A cowhide rug typically comes in black and white, brown and white, speckles and brindles. Each cowhide has a unique pattern that no other hide shares, making it a unique feature in your home.
ASSIGNMENT THREE
CREATING A WARM ENVIRONMENT FROM A COOL SPACE
Space:
This space is good enough for a kitchen space. I wouldn’t change the initial colour too much as darker tones can manipulate the space to appear smaller.
Line:
At the moment the lines in this room are very crisp and clean.
Shape:
I want to keep this kitchen contemporary, so I would keep the square shapes and add a few curved touches to soften it up.
Colour:
I would put a touch of warm colours such as red as the pendant colours. I don’t want to use darker shades as it will make this already small kitchen appear smaller. I also want to keep the contemporary theme. I will also use a red coloured tiles as backsplash.
Texture:
The texture is warm and it is also eco-friendly. I would also use a bamboo work top on the floating counter to create a warm feel.
Light:
There is a lot of artificial and natural light in this kitchen. The only thing I would change would be to make the pendant light red so as to create a warmer, more intimate dining experience.
Pattern:
I have kept the patterns to a minimum as this kitchen is small and I didn’t want it to seem cluttered.
Balance:
A sense of balance has been created by the few changes I have made. Still keeping it contemporary I have added warm features to this room achieving the sense I wanted to create.
Rhythm and Repetition:
To keep a sense of repetition I have maintained the white walls and cupboards to keep the sense of contemporary. I would also create a mirrored mosaic splashback to keep a sense of style.
Emphasis:
I have created an emphasis to the lighting by making the pendant lighting red. I have also created emphasis to the worktop by making them timber, they also warm the kitchen with their textures.
WINDOWS AND DOORS ARE IN HARMONIOUS ALIGNMENT
The windows and doors in this modern house are in harmony in the way that everything is symmetrical and looks visually balanced. The two windows on the second level placed side by side are parallel to the two windows on the first level . This creates a sense of balance and harmony throughout the entire aesthetic.
The size and proportion of the doors and windows are visually balanced.
The colours also create a harmonious setting. The colour scheme is harmonious because they are all dark colours. The black frames of the windows align with the deep brown colour of the doors.
The ratio between the first and second level of the house is also balanced, with not one being far higher than the other.
EMPHASIZING A STATEMENT PIECE
The principle of emphasis in interior design is the process of creating focus within a designated space. This is not only to draw attention to a focal point in the room but can also be used to divert the viewer from noticing a less desirable area of the space as well. If there are too many dominant features in a space, it can end up looking too cluttered and unattractive. Less is more when it comes to focal points in each area.
I want to draw attention to the artwork above the fireplace. A pop of colour will really draw attention to it as the direction of the rest of the decor has already been set to face it.
I would change the colour to burnt orange evoking a feeling of warmth and comfort..
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